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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many people with ADHD also have comorbid disorders such as major depressive disorder (Kessler and colleagues, 2006). Many patients are not responsive to medications for depression and may benefit from psychotherapy. Treatments that are most effective in reducing the most fundamental symptoms of ADHD are those that boost and balance levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain. Commonly prescribed stimulants include methylphenidate, amphetamine and other similar drugs. Medicines Adults can take a variety of medications that are used for ADHD in children. However, the dosages are different and the drugs can cause negative side effects that aren't present in children. A doctor will look at the individual's medical history, family history and other health issues to determine which medicine is the best for him or her. The most popular kind of ADHD medication is stimulant. It works by adjusting levels of two chemical messengers in the brain, norepinephrine as well as dopamine. Stimulants such as methylphenidate or dextro-amphe (commonly known as Adderall) increase the amount of these neurotransmitters, which help improve focus and reduce impulsivity and aggression. These stimulants are available in different forms, such as liquids, skin patches and chewable tablets. These stimulants that last longer are popular as they lead to better patient compliance and an easier, longer-lasting improvement in symptoms. It is important to keep in mind that co-existing conditions like anxiety and depression can affect the response to ADHD medications. Therefore, it is recommended that disorders be treated first before medication is used as a second measure. Some medications that are used to treat comorbid psychiatric disorders include bupropion, atomoxetine and tricyclic antidepressants (Wilens 2004).). Some patients may experience some patients may experience a “rebound” effect where they experience worsening of ADHD symptoms after discontinuing stimulant medication. In these instances, a short trial of a low dosage of stimulant medication could be beneficial. Certain people are not able to take stimulant medication or take it because of the misuse of drugs or other health issues such as heart or hypertension problems that are severe. In these instances, non-stimulant medications like atomoxetine (Strattera) and viloxazine (Qelbree) can be effective. These medications don't cause the same side effects as stimulants and are less likely to be abused or diverted. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy (talk therapy) is a great option for people with ADHD. It can help them develop strategies to improve their lives, deal with anxiety and stress, resolve conflicts, and manage issues in relationships or at work. It can also help co-existing mental disorders such as depression and addiction disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and schema therapy. These treatments are based on the idea that a person's beliefs and thoughts influence how they feel, think and act. CBT assists a person to recognize negative behavior and thought patterns, then develops and implements positive strategies to alter them. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy utilizes techniques of meditation to teach a person how to concentrate on their thoughts and emotions, manage their impulses and improve their executive functioning. Schema therapy and other types of psychotherapy that focus on the family history of a person may be useful for people who suffer from ADHD who have significant secondary issues. Psychotherapy, as well as medication, can help with specific ADHD issues, like difficulties with schoolwork or getting along with other people. It can also assist with forgetting important dates and obligations and making decisions that are impulsive and could lead to legal and financial issues. Psychotherapy can also help individuals to address and overcome underlying issues that could cause ADHD symptoms, like anxiety or depression. Psychotherapy can assist a person develop healthy coping strategies and reduce stress, for example exercising, improving sleep and healthy eating habits. It can also provide assistance to an individual in the family or with a spouse who is struggling with the negative effects ADHD can have on their relationship. Marriage and family therapy helps couples and families learn how to communicate better and manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT is a type of psychotherapy that is focused on helping clients change their negative thinking patterns. It involves a skill-based dialog with an expert in mental health to address the root causes of the symptoms. This therapy aims to help clients overcome difficulties and develop coping skills that are compatible with their everyday lives. Therapists who specialize in adult ADHD-CBT teach clients how to identify unhelpful thinking patterns and assist them to develop skills to replace them with more productive thoughts. This process can be lengthy. However, it is a viable alternative for adults who aren't getting enough relief from their medication. In a recent RCT that was conducted, it was discovered that cognitive behavioral therapy combined with medication is superior to cognitive behavior therapy alone when it comes to improving core symptoms, emotional symptom self-esteem and social functioning for adults with ADHD (Clarke, et al. 2017). treating adult adhd coupled with methylphenidate could be particularly effective for those who suffer from more serious underlying issues. The therapists who provide this kind of treatment usually collaborate with the client to develop an action plan that is specific to solving their issues. They will teach them a set of practical skills that are easy to master and have a good chance of success. Charts are often utilized to track progress and reward positive behaviors. This could include the daily report of a child that outlines the tasks they are required to complete at school, or the positive behavior that must be exhibited, and a system of tracking and earning rewards. The therapists could also consider creating negative consequences if a child does not complete their work. This can be done in a very sensitive and supportive manner. Metacognitive Therapy Metacognitive therapy is an innovative kind of psychotherapy that helps people change their mindset. This type of treatment can be beneficial for people with a variety of mental health issues, including depression. It is a form of cognitive behavior therapy that helps people learn to recognize negative thinking patterns and their impact on their emotions. This kind of therapy helps individuals develop mental tools that are adaptable and beneficial. This study aimed to examine the relationship between metacognitive skills and daily functioning among adults suffering from ADHD. In order to do this we compared self- and informant-rated impairments in daily functioning with predictors of Metacognition (comprehensive Knowledge, Regulation of Cognition, Debugging, Information Management and Evaluation). The results indicated that comprehensive knowledge was associated with daily functioning among adults suffering from ADHD, but not regulation processes. Metacognition predictors had moderate predictive power which suggests that they could explain an important amount of variations in the daily functioning of people with ADHD. Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) is an treatment that focuses on changing metacognitive beliefs that cause dysfunction and perpetuate states such as worry, rumination and attention fixation. Adrian Wells developed MCT based on a model of information processing developed by Wells and Gerald Matthews. One case series has demonstrated the effectiveness of MCT in managing illness anxiety disorder, but it's still a relatively new concept and more research is required to determine its effectiveness in other disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of MCT in decreasing symptoms of anxiety disorder, however it can be applied to a range of disorders and could be more effective than other therapies. It is not a cure, but can be utilized to treat ADHD. Family Therapy In family therapy, therapists work with all members of the family. All members can better understand the issues of the client and learn how to help their loved ones. It also helps them deal with their frustrations and build more effective communication skills. This kind of counseling can also be used to address other comorbidities, such as addiction and depression that are commonly associated with ADHD. The therapist will begin with an intake session in order to gain a better understanding of the family's views and determine if they're appropriate for family intervention. This can be done in person or via the internet. The therapist will discuss the nature of the treatment with each person and spell out the do's and don'ts of family therapy. A therapist with worked with adults suffering from ADHD asks a lot questions to gain an understanding of their current symptoms as well as their past and the impact they have on their work, family and personal relationships. They will also ask whether there are any other mental health issues that are present, such as anxiety or depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a structured type of counseling that helps you learn how to manage your behavior and change negative thinking patterns into positive ones. It focuses on improving your self-esteem and self-control through teaching techniques to cope with anxiety and stress. This is a temporary option that can be used in conjunction with other forms of psychotherapy. Individual talk therapy can help people with ADHD overcome emotional baggage from longstanding patterns of underachievement and failure academic struggles as well as frequent job changes and conflicts in relationships. It can teach you stress reduction and coping techniques as well as how to manage your finances and time. It can also help with the comorbidity of disorders like depression and anxiety, which are often seen as a result of ADHD.